Friday, February 28, 2020

What is the role of a nurse in the prevention and management of Literature review

What is the role of a nurse in the prevention and management of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficle infection in elderly patients - Literature review Example These are diseases that are very threatening in someone’s life and so they need prevention and control especially in elderly patients (Poutanen. and Simor, 2008). According to researchers, Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea is a nosocomial infection that occurs after antimicrobial treatment (Jennie et al, 2001). Affected patients excrete large numbers of clostridium difficile spores. These spores survive for many months in the environment. They cannot be destroyed by hand disinfection and thus persist despite usual environmental cleaning agents. These factors increase the risk of transmission of C. difficile. The researchers (Jennie et al, 2001) did a quantitative study and came up with the results and conclusion to show the part of environmental measures to prevention of AAD and D. Difficile disease. Researchers found out that infection control measures as well as Restrictive antibiotic policies have indicated to reduce Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) incidence among the patients that are hospitalized. It well known that since time memorial, the environmental disinfectants role in reducing nosocomial CDAD rates has no t been studied well. Jennie et al, (2001) conducted a study (before and after intervention) whereby patients in 3 units had to be evaluated in order to ascertain if the solution of unbuffered 1:10 hypochlorite was effective in terms of environmental disinfectant in reducing the CDAD incidence. Basing on the results, it was observed that amongst 4252 patients with bone marrow transplant, the CDAD incidence rate decreased substantially from 8.6 to 3.3 cases per 1000 patients-days (in this case, the hazard ratio was 0.37; at 95% confidence interval, 0.19–0.74) after switching of the disinfectants from quaternary ammonium to 1:10 hypochlorite solution in the patients’ room that had CDAD. When it was reverted later to

Tuesday, February 11, 2020

The Controversy of college students use Ritalin and Adderal Research Paper

The Controversy of college students use Ritalin and Adderal - Research Paper Example The research establishes the risks of using Ritalin and Adderall illegally and recommends the establishment of strict laws to limit the illegal acquisition and use of prescription drugs in colleges. Thesis: The Ritalin and Adderall are the prescription drugs with the prescript. Even though it can help student focus on studying and get a good grade, it brings the risks of using that illegally. The policy maker should pass new stringent standards to limit getting those ADHD drugs in campus and prevent using those drugs illegally. In the recent past, the rate of using Ritalin and Adderall drugs within colleges has increased considerably causing a wide research about the possible effects of these drugs. Even though there are some high school students use the Ritalin and Adderall for their academic, the nonmedical use of those prescription stimulants is more rampant in college. According to the result of the research â€Å"Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college student†, 4.1% to 10.8% of college students were reported that using prescription stimulant nomadically during 2012. Although the drugs may be beneficial while used to improve the grades of learners within the learning environment, especially for students with the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), it is clear that these drugs can be abused within the public domain hence have negative consequences (Partridge, Bell, Lucke & Hall, 2013). The fact that these drugs are now available outside the health facilities makes it a big challenge to control their abuse within the public. The Ritalin and Adderall are prescription drugs with the prescript. Even though it can help student focus on studying to get a better grade, there is the risk of using the drugs illegally. Ritalin and Adderall are psycho-stimulant drugs that are commonly administered to people with the

Friday, January 31, 2020

Negative Classroom Behaviors Essay Example for Free

Negative Classroom Behaviors Essay In the classroom there are many opportunities for disruptions to the flow of learning. When the process of education is disrupted it affects learning outcomes and student progress. Educators and students both play a vital role is how smoothly the class is run. In this paper we will examine common disruptions in the classroom and look at carious ways that these disruptions can be resolved productively and efficiently. Through incorporating different discipline and classroom management styles most interruptions to learning can be avoided and the process of education can continue. Disruptions come in many forms and we will look at a few. We will first look at common disruptions in the classroom caused by students and then take a look at those caused by teachers. Yes teachers can be a disruption to the learning process and as we will see sometimes they cause more disruption than their students. It seems that often in today’s society when we think of the typical public school classroom, images of chaotic behavior, chattering students and paper being thrown quickly come to mind. This behavior, while not uncommon should not be the norm, there is a solution. The first three behaviors that we will address is the seemingly ever-present excessive talking, laughter and general outburst. It seems that no matter how many times the lights are turned off, names of students are written on the board, recess or free time taken away students continue to use their voices out of turn in excess ways, making instruction and learning difficult. Often times when students have an outburst in the class or the talking becomes excessive, teachers sometimes give a general knee-jerk reaction.  They may yell at the student who has been consistently talking to â€Å"be quiet or†¦ then some threat of a punishment is given and the student is quiet for a moment and the behavior is likely to happen again and the process continues. Educator Barbara Coloroso believed that students should be taught how to govern themselves accordingly and that whatever actions took place in the classroom they were not only responsible for them but that they were held accountable for them. Barbara guided educators to understand that an important part of education students was to also teach them inner discipline and self control. (Building Classroom Discipline, 11th edition, 2014) In her book Kids Are Worth It: Giving Your Child the Gift of Inner Discipline, Coloroso outlines key ways in which not only parents but also educators can teach children how to have inner discipline. Coloroso suggest that inner discipline be developed as follows; First students must be shown what they have done wrong, then given ownership of the problem hence making them responsible, following this students are guided on ways to solve the problem when appropriate. Finally Coloroso encourages to educators to ensure that during this entire process the dignity of the student is kept in tact. I imagine that by incorporating this strategy into my classroom management and discipline style my students will gain more self-control and become more aware of the consequences behind their actions. In this way, they will be far more likely to think before they act. Likewise I as a teacher will feel better about the way in which I handle disruptions. With the ability to handle each disruption as a possible teaching moment that encourages students to do better, rather than simply pointing out what they did wrong, students will develop a better sense of trust. Likewise by ensuring that in each situation the student is treated with dignity, students are aware of the respect I have for them and this respect become reciprocal. Two other common disruptions in the classroom are that of students who get out of their seats at inappropriate times and who take a long time to get organized, settle down and get started on their work . This not only disrupts learning for the student who gets up but it causes a distraction for those around. Often there are tedious reasons for why students are not in their seats. When asked why have they gotten up, a student may respond  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I was going to sharpen my pencil.† Likewise when asked why have they not sat down and began the warm up they may reply â€Å"I cannot find my pencil.† Educators Harry and Rosemary Wong created a classroom management and discipline theory that creates a way to eliminate many classroom disruptions. The Wong’s theory suggest, that beginning with the first day of class, students be taught that not only the classroom but that the entire school was a place for successful learning. This theory had to be accepted school wide in order to work effectively. In order to achieve that success teachers, students and administrators and support staff, must do their part. The Wong’s suggest that the biggest hindrance to learning is not the behavior of the students but the ineffective manner in which teachers disseminate information regarding the roles, rules, procedures and expectations in the classroom. (Building Classroom Discipline, 11th edition, 2014) Upon introduction to the class, teachers are encouraged to two things. First teachers must go over the roles, expectations and responsibilities of both teacher and student (Building Classroom Discipline, 11th edition, 2014). This is done over a period of several days and may continue through reinforcement throughout the first portion of the school year. In this way students not only understand where they fit in the classroom but they also know how everyone else fits as well. In my own classroom I can visualize my students on their first day. Part of my classroom management style will be to ensure that there is a procedure set in place for most of the foreseeable situations in the classroom. One thing that I will make certain to do, is to make the procedures detailed yet simple to understand and follow. In this way my students will be clear on what to do and when. For example, the student who has wasted ten five minutes of the 15 minute warm up time, will know in the beginning of the school year that sitting down and getting started on the warm-up up within the first three minutes of class is mandatory. If you are not prepared and do not have all of your materials, there are always extras that can be checked out from me and then returned at the end of class. Simple procedures like this will eliminate small disruptions and keep the learning process flowing. The next two disruptions are those students who lack respect for teachers and fellow  classmates along with horseplay in the classroom. Teachers must establish and demand respect in the beginning of the class. Students must know not only what is expected of them, but also what happens when they fall short of those expectations. Educator Craig Seganti teaches teachers how to take charge in the classroom. Taking the Seganti approach in my class will dictate that my students know that I am the authority in the classroom. Establishing this authority by setting the rules along with the consequences of breaking them, and enforcing them from day one will put me in control from the outset. When students see that there is no wavering in the rules, they will take what you are saying seriously. Establishing that the classroom is a place of learning and that anything that disrupts that will have consequences will if not completely eliminate, will certainly minimize disruptions. When teachers and students are disrespected in the classroom it would be good to incorporate civility in the classroom. P.M. Forni was best known for teaching students how to behave civil and with respect n the classroom. By encouraging students to conduct themselves in a way that reflects the â€Å"Golden Rule† students will be far less likely to tease and disrespect their teacher and classmates. (Building Classroom Discipline, 11th edition, 2014). Using these two strategies in the classroom will be of great value in the way the classroom is managed. Finally I want to take a look at three behaviors that are exhibited by teachers that cause disruptions in the classroom and halt the learning process. Disorganization, nagging and the inability to leave whatever you have going on at home, at home can cause the classroom environment to feel unsafe and chaotic (Building Classroom Discipline, 11th edition, 2014). Using a combination of strategies from authorities on classroom management can help with these hindrances to education. First knowing what you want your classroom to look and feel like I a huge help in getting and staying organized. Often times teachers become disorganized because they have lost control of the classroom. By establishing your authority in the classroom as suggested by Seganti, you are less likely to lose control and if this does happen it should be easier to regain. Constant nagging of students over trivial matters of work habits or behavior are not helpful. In the long run you are not taken seriously. Students must know how to behave in the classroom. Ensuring as suggested by Wong that students are crystal  clear on expectations and procedures, teachers will spend much less time nagging and more time teaching. Lastly when teachers are unable to leave their home life separate from their classroom the results can disrupt and devastate a classroom. Teachers must before anything else, know their role. As a teacher you are there to provide a safe learning environment for your students. When your personal life interferes with that, learning outcomes and student-teacher relationships are compromised. In my classroom I imagine that by establishing an initial foundation of authority based on my acknowledgement of my role as teacher and educator, I will be able to create safe, fun and effective learning environment. By creating my classroom management style, revisiting it when necessary and setting up rules and procedures from day one, I will have the freedom to teach without disruptions and my students will be able to achieve all of the learning outcomes that have been set for them. Reference Page 1. C. M. Charles Building Classroom Discipline, Eleventh Edition, 2014

Thursday, January 23, 2020

The Art of Testing pH Levels Essay -- Science, informative, educational

This report will examine a variety of methods that can be used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, also known as its pH level. The scale used to measure acidity and alkalinity is called a pH scale, which measures the amount of H+ ions in a solution. Acids have a pH level below 7; bases have a pH level above 7. Strong acids have the lowest pH levels (0-4) and strong bases have the highest pH levels (10-14). Neutral solutions have a pH of 7 and they are neither acidic nor basic. Distilled water is neutral, because the H+ and OH- ions are balanced. An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions in water. When an acid dissolves in water, hydrogen molecules interact with water molecules to form hydronium ions. The strength of an acid is determined by the concentration of hydrogen atoms; the more hydrogen atoms in a solution, the stronger the acid; and, the less hydrogen atoms in a solution, the weaker the acid. Acids generally have a sour taste, react strongly with metals, and become less acidic when mixed with a base. A base is a substance that forms hydro...

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Methamphetamine Notes

The main ingredient that goes into making meth is pseudoephedrine, a decongestant in most over the counter cold medication, that in combination but a host of other toxic chemicals such as lye and drain cleaner. Form White or yellow powder, clear or yellowish crystals or â€Å"shards†, or in pill form. Use Smoked, snorted, swallowed, or injected. Addiction Factor Extremely Addictive Physical & Mental Effects Brain damage, organ failure, open sores, rotting teeth, stroke, mania, paranoia, obsesSive compulsive behaviours, twitching or shaking, psychosis, etc. Social Effects Withdrawal from friends and family, increased criminal activity to support addiction o r due to violent episodes while high, and an increase in overall violent and/ or rude behaviour. Environmental Effects When methamphetamine is being synthesized, there are over 5 pounds of toxic wast e as a byproduct for every pound of meth. This waste is almost never disposed of properly and finds its w ay into ecosystems w hich pollutes water, destroys habitats and kills wildlife and can be harmful to huma ns if they should come nto contact with any chemical byproducts.This is why many meth lab technicians ar e sent to the hospital for chemical burns. What Does Methamphetamine Do To The Body? Heart Methamphetamine affects the heart and the circulatory system by increasing heart r ate and blood pressure substantially. Repetitive use can cause irregular heartbeat, heart attack, stroke, and u Itimately death. These side effects will improve over a long period of time in which the individual has abstai ned from using the drug. The Senses Meth may cause the user to see, hear, feel, smell, or taste things that aren't really the e, if these sort of hallucinations persist, fullblown psychosis may develop.Bones Since Meth use can cause loss of appetite, some meth users can develop anorexia an d/or osteoporosis. This is because of the lack of essential proteins and elements such as calcium which help keep the b ody strong and healthy The Muscles Because the drug has such a profound effect on the part of the brain that aids in the coordination of movements, the user very likely to eventually develop: Involuntary muscular contracti ons, uncontrollable twitching or shaking, and strange movements like facial ticks.These side effects wors n as the addiction progresses. Immune System Since meth causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels) the skin can become deprived of oxygen, and nutrients. This also means that white blood cells and other immunocytes (cells of the immune system) also may not be able to reach certain areas of the skin. In conjunction, this will lead to pale or grey tinted skin, acne, and open sores.Temperature Regulation When an individual uses meth their body temperature skyrockets which can be very dangerous, leading to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure as well as increasing the likelihood of orga failure or brain damage caused by cellular destruction d ue to the high temperatures created within t he body. The Teeth Smoking meth will cause rotten teeth and gums. This can be caused by any of the foll owing: Poor oral hygiene, bacteria, teeth chattering or grinding, or the acidity ot the drug itselt.Hair The toxic chemicals in meth, combined with the constant urge to pull at the hair or pi ck at the scalp while high can lead to thinning, greying, or drying of the hair, as well as an increase in oils produced by the scalp. bald patches may also occur in individuals who have a bad habit of pulling hair out. References: http://www. methpro]ect. org/answers/whatdoesmethdotoyour body. html#BodybyMeth The Heart Specificly. The Heart On Meth While under the influence of meth, you probably already know that it increases heart rate and blood pressure, but what does that really mean for the heart of the user?To get an idea, th e average adult heart will pump between 6,000 and 7,000 litres of blood per day; when a person uses meth even a few ti mes a week, this output will increase to an unhealthy level of about 7,500 to 8,500 litres per day, The same goes for heart rate. The average adult heart rate at rest is between 60 00 beats per minute depending on the size, shape, gender, and overall health of the individual, but when he or she ingests methamphetamine, their heart rate at rest will spike, causing it to fall between 100 120 beats per minute.That means that when he or she is sitting, their heart rate is going as fast as it should if they were to walk up a flig ht of stairs between two floors of a house, or take a brisk walk. This is especially dangerous when engagin g in any kind of physical activity since the users heart will gain the potential to beat too fast which wil I eventually send it into rrhythmia (irregular beating of the heart) which is a medical emergency and is likely to result in death.Considering the poor cardiovascular health of meth users, most individuals who expe rience an arrhythmia, heart attack, or stroke while under the influence are more likely to die due to the fact that after prolonged used, the addicts heart will need to increase in size so it can compensate for the hear t rate and blood pressure spike. Having an enlarged heart is especially dangerous because it means t he the heart is not as strong as it once was, leaving it more susceptible to complications. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Tuesday, January 7, 2020

Eliot Ness - 3032 Words

Who was Eliot Ness? Nearly anyone knows Ness#8217; accomplishments in Cleveland when he went up against Al Capone. Most also know Capone eventually went to jail for tax evasion, but what happened to Ness and his Untouchables? Did they merely fade away into quiet life? The fate of Ness was quite the opposite, he continued doing what he fell in love with. Taking down corruption on any level. He carried on his war on the mob for an entire decade after Capone, staging daring raids on bootleggers, illegal gambling clubs and generally putting organized crime on the run. Ness#8217; exploits in Chicago were chronicled in his book The Untouchables, but if he had carried on against the mob, why wouldn#8217;t he publicize such exploits? He†¦show more content†¦Bill Gardner: an enormous former pro football star of Native American decent Even with his team of specialists Ness was not without human fears. It was well known that Al Capone was the greatest criminal ever to walk the earth a nd every honest cop who ever went after him wound up dead. Not only cops for that matter but rivaling gangsters, such as Bugs Moran who was executed in the famous St. Valentine#8217;s Day Massacre. Despite the obvious danger Ness ripped into Capone#8217;s illegal activities with unmatched zeal. The first skirmish Ness had with Capone was an unparalleled success. He split his team so that each would make two raids that night for a total of eighteen stills. It was a complete success, fifty-two men were jailed and thousands of dollars in equipment was confiscated, and the product of this equipment poured down the sewers. In the months that followed Ness led raid after raid, and although Capone adapted his defenses, Ness adapted his attacks as well. Wire tapping was their most useful ally and helped them meet success time after time. At first Capone thought against assassinating Ness, seeing as the death of a prominent federal agent would only worsen his troubles. However Capone truly b elieved that every man had his price and tried to bribe Ness with two thousand dollars a week. At the time Eliot made a mere three thousand dollars a year, yet his integrity forbade him to take the bribe. He similarlyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Eliot Ness2928 Words   |  12 Pages Who was Eliot Ness? Nearly anyone knows Nessamp;#8217; accomplishments in Cleveland when he went up against Al Capone. Most also know Capone eventually went to jail for tax evasion, but what happened to Ness and his Untouchables? Did they merely fade away into quiet life? The fate of Ness was quite the opposite, he continued doing what he fell in love with. Taking down corruption on any level. 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Ness and his team deteriorated Capone’s ability toRead MoreHistory of Drug Laws and Law Enforcement1637 Words   |  7 Pagesadminister this new regulation was evid ent. The American Treasury Department assumed this responsibility and created a Bureau of Prohibition. The most famous Bureau of Prohibition agent was Elliot Ness. Ness led a group of agents, known as The Untouchables, who pursued infamous bootleggers such as Al Capone (Eliot Ness). Following the repeal of Prohibition, the Treasury Department established the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Led by Harry J. Anslinger, the FBN focused its manpower on marijuana and theRead MoreProhibition Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesprohibitionists believed that it was morally bad to be intoxicated and drunkenness had a negative effect on the life and health of Americans (Johnsen 70). One very influential prohibitionist was Eliot Ness, who was the leader of the Untouchables and helped to undermine Al Capones bootlegging scams in Chicago. 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They sent a federal agent to go and completely stop Al Capone from causing any more chaos. The federal government got Eliot Ness on the investigation for Al Capone. â€Å"Ness severely damaged Capones business. What finally brought Capone down, though, was not Ness, but another team of federal agents. At the same time that Nesss unit was going after Capone for bootlegging, a team headed by Frank J. Wilson was gathering evidence against Capone

Sunday, December 29, 2019

Cost Of Cost Management Accounting Essay - 1623 Words

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